Malcolm X at prayer in New York City, ca. 1963. In the video series Malcolmology, Manning Marable tells us,
According to The Autobiography of Malcolm X and Spike Lee’s movie, Malcolm did not have any politics when he was in prison in the late 1940’s. That’s wrong.
Malcolm was schooled in the Garvey movement by his parents…Marcus Garvey was from Jamaica; he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association…[The UNIA in the 1920s] was the largest mass-Black organization in the entire world. Garvey had 700 chapters throughout the United States, and in these branch organizations, Black people were taught to be proud of themselves, their race, to know something of their own history, to build Black institutions that provided goods and services to other Blacks.
Malcolm grew up with newspapers and magazines from the West Indies, because his mother was from Grenada. She was fluent in French and taught the children French. This idea that The Autobiography gives—that Malcolm was illiterate when he went to prison, that he had to learn words from the dictionary—that’s an effective narrative, but that’s not true.